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  • Bureau Helps Farmers Prepare for Climate Chaos

    Farmers wanting to know more about rainfall and climate will find it much easier, thanks to two new tools released today as part of a Bureau of Meteorology upgrade.

    The first tool shows a range of rainfall scenarios for most rainfall recording stations in Australia.

    Farmers can also use a new online product to find out what factors are influencing the climate in their region by clicking on an interactive map.

    These products are the first in a series of new climate products being developed by the Bureau and the Managing Climate Variability program in response to a study on farmers’ seasonal forecasting needs.

    They aim to make seasonal forecasts more reliable, more useful and more accessible to farmers.

    The Rainfall Ranges product uses graphs to compare the current rainfall with historical values for every bureau weather station that has at least 20 years of records.

    It also shows a range of potential rainfall scenarios based on past climate information recorded at each site.

    “It is important to note that the scenarios are not forecasts," says Dr Andrew Watkins, senior climatologist from the Bureau’s National Climate Centre.

    "Rather, they provide a range of rainfall potential based on historical data.

    "Farmers can see, at a glance, what rainfall occurred in the past for a specific location.

    “This graph will be especially useful to farmers during autumn when seasonal forecast models offer less guidance.”

    Managing Climate Variability and the Bureau are also responding to the farmers’ requests for increased understanding of what drives regional climate.

    For the first time, the ‘Australian Climate Influences’ web page brings together simple information on all the things that drive our climate, including El Niño, La Niña, and the Indian Ocean dipole.

    Farmers can see what influences their part of the world by simply clicking on the map or the menu and looking up detailed descriptions.

    “The descriptions will include a where-and-when for each driver so farmers know what to look for when they hear a climate outlook or see a weather map or satellite image,” Dr Watkins says.

    “We’ve also included past examples of each climate influence upon Australia, and added related Bureau web pages for finding real time forecast information.”

    The new products are based on a survey of almost 500 farmers and their advisers who described what they wanted from a climate service.

    More products, including better seasonal forecast maps and further information products will be launched later in the year.

    Managing Climate Variability and the Bureau are interested in farmer feedback about these two new products.

    “Log on, have a look around, and let us know your thoughts,” says Dr Watkins.

    Both products are available on the Bureau’s Water and the Land (WATL) website: http://www.bom.gov.au/watl/.

    SOURCE: Rural Press national news bureau, Canberra

  • Europe’s small farms disappear

    Thursday, April 3, 2008

    That conflict obviously matters to Master. But it is also of broader importance, environmental groups and agriculture experts say, as worries over climate change grow and more consumers in both Europe and the United States line up for locally grown, organic produce.

    For reasons social, culinary and environmental, small farms like Master’s should be promoted, or least protected, they say. Not only do they yield tastier foods but they also produce few of the carbon emissions that contribute to global warming and put little other pressure on the environment.

    In part because Poland has remained one of the last strongholds of small farming in Europe, it is also a rare bastion of biodiversity, with 40,000 pairs of nesting storks and thousands of seed varieties that exist nowhere else in the world.

    But European Union laws are designed for another universe of farming, and Polish farmers say they have left them at a steep disadvantage.

    If they want to sell their products, for example, EU law requires farms to have cement floors in their barns and special equipment for slaughtering. Milking cows by hand is forbidden. As a result, the milk collection stations and tiny slaughterhouses that until just a few years ago dotted the Polish countryside have closed. Small family farming is all but impossible.

    "We need to reward them for being ahead of the game, rather than behind it," said Julian Rose, an organic farmer from Britain who, with his Polish partner, Jadwiga Lopata, founded the International Coalition to Protect the Polish Countryside and has been fighting the regulations.

    "The EU has adopted the same efficiency approach to food as it has to autos and microchips," Lopata said. "Those who can produce the most are favored. Everything is happening the reverse of what it should be if care about food and the environment."

    The small farmers who have rallied behind the coalition here in southwest Poland have touched a sensitive nerve and gained broad influence.

    Lopata received the Goldman Prize for the environment for her quest to preserve traditional farms. Prince Charles visited her farm (by helicopter) with its solar panels and the black sheep (responsible for mowing the grass) in the yard.

    All 16 states of Poland have banned genetically modified organisms in defiance of European Union and Word Trade Organization mandates. The Polish Agriculture Ministry announced earlier this year that it planned to ban their import in animal fodder, another refusal to accept EU policy.

    In Brussels, officials say they have no desire to undo Polish tradition. "We are not advocating the industrialization of European farming. From our side we think there is a place in Europe for all shapes and sizes of farms," said Michael Mann, spokesman for the European Commission Agriculture Directorate.

    But, he added: "There has to be some restructuring to become more competitive and less reliant on subsidies. Farming is a business. They will have to look for market niches."

    The EU now pays farmers who meet health and sanitary standards a direct subsidy, to help maintain Europe’s farming tradition and as an acknowledgement that it is more expensive to farm in Europe than in other parts of the world.

    It also provides matching funds to all EU governments for agricultural development, to upgrade and modernize farms. The national governments decide what types of projects qualify, but the boundaries are loosely defined. In various countries they have included purchasing new equipment and developing organic cultivation, as well as turning nonperforming farms into bed- and-breakfast accommodations.

    In a new policy review, the European Commission is planning to encourage that more money be spent to develop organic agriculture. "The whole idea is to empower farmers," Mann said.

    "They don’t need to change anything if they don’t want to," he added. "But they have to survive in business. If you’re still milking cows by hand maybe you would want to use the money to put in a new system."

    While overall farm income in Poland has gone up since the country joined the EU, it is certainly not the case for the small farmers.

    In Poland, 22 percent of the work force is employed in agriculture and the country boasts by far the highest number of farms in Europe. Most of them are tiny.

    The average size is 7 hectares, or 17 acres, compared to more than 24 hectares in Spain, France and Germany, the Union’s other large agriculture players. There are 1.5 million small farms in Poland. Only Italy, with its proliferation of high-end, niche agricultural products compares with Poland in its abundance of small producers.

    But the collapse of communism and, more recently, EU membership has opened this once cloistered swath of land to global forces: international competition, sanitary codes, international trade rules and the like. Sir Julian recalls that at an agricultural conference he attended in 1999 a pamphlet advertised: "Poland up for grabs!" That is what has happened, he says.

    In a market newly saturated with huge, efficient players, these small traditional farmers are being simply overwhelmed. The American bacon producer, Smithfield Farms, now operates a dozen vast industrial pig farms in Poland. Importing cheap soy feed from South America, which the company feeds intensively to its tens of thousands of pigs, it has caused the price of pork to drop dramatically in the past couple of years. Since EU membership, the prices of pork and milk have dropped 30 percent.

    Hundreds of Polish farmers demonstrated recently outside the office of Prime Minister Donald Tusk, complaining that they were losing money on each hog they reared. Anyway, Master says, rearing pigs for sale is a non-starter. He is forbidden to slaughter his own pigs and the nearest abattoir that meets EU standards is hours away; there are only five in all of Poland.

    "It is impossible for me to farm," he lamented over a meal of traditional beet soup. He and his wife know that the European Union offers subsidies and loans to modernize traditional farms, equipping them with tractors and steel milk containers, for example. But, they say, it is not enough money, it is not what they want, and they are not adept at navigating the new bureaucracy. Master said they tried to fill out the paperwork required to get certified as an organic farm, but found it overwhelming.

    Poland has a long tradition of small farming that has persisted through the centuries. Unlike farmers in the rest of Eastern Europe, Poland’s farmers even resisted collectivization under communism. Now Lopata says they are "organic by default," currently "at the vanguard of an ecological, healthy way of food producing."

    In a small barn covered matted with straw, Barbara and Andrzej Wojcik, feel like outcasts. They used to make a decent living selling pork from pigs they raised as well as the milk and butter from their six cows.

    But they said with the price of pork so low they could not afford to raise pigs the traditional way. As for milk, their local collection station closed, so they have no way to get their products to market, even if they were to invest in buying the required stainless steel equipment.

    Now they have sold all but two of their cows and reverted to subsistence farming. They live off their parents’ pensions, barter and a bit of money from selling handicrafts.

    Mann, from the European Commission, acknowledged that small farmers in places like Poland and Romania may have to adapt.

    "There is a place for the small farmer," he said, "but they have to be smart and not rely on payouts." But deft adaptation seems hard here, a place long set in its ways – and may be bad for the environment anyway. A collective system for selling organic vegetables to the city, devised by Lopata never got off the ground.

    "They tend to be very individualistic," she said. "They think they survived communist efforts to collectivize them, so they will survive this. They don’t realize the European Union and the global market are even harder."

  • Rice prices soar as food shortages bite

    Kamal Nath, India’s trade minister, said the government would crack down on hoarding of essential commodities to keep a lid on food prices. “We will not hesitate to take the strongest possible measures, including using some of the legal provisions that we have against hoarding,’’ he said on Friday.

    Thai medium-quality rice, a global benchmark, traded at about $850 a tonne on Friday, up from $760 a tonne last week, while the price of less representative top-quality aromatic rice broke the $1,000-a-tonne level for the first time, traders said. They added that the grain was being sold to African destinations.

    In Chicago, US rice futures hit an all-time high of $20.45 per 100 pounds.

    Although only a small amount of the grain is traded internationally, the rise in Thai prices signals the trend for the global market and also for domestic prices in countries where local production is enough to meet demand.

    The price jump came as leading exporting countries, including Vietnam, India, China and Egypt, banned foreign sales. Hanoi extended its ban for two extra months until June.

    Food aid officials said consumption could rise further because record food prices are forcing families to move from a diversified diet to just one staple.

    Farmers delaying their harvest and middleman hoarding stocks are also contributing to the crisis, said governments and traders.

    In the past weeks, traders and diplomats have warned that many West African countries, where rice is a staple, had yet to purchase the grain this year, leaving them subject to record prices now.

    Toga McIntosh, Liberia’s minister of economic affairs, said earlier this week that rice was “always on the table” in his country. “We are very dependent on imports.”

    Nigeria, Senegal and Ivory Coast are also among the world’s top 10 rice importers.

    Some countries postponed their imports earlier this year when prices started to climb, in the hope that the increase was a short-term anomaly, but now these countries are buying, traders said. Rice-importing countries are responding to the price surge by slashing custom duties and reforming their purchase systems to secure the grain.

    The Philippines, the world’s largest buyer of rice, on Friday said it was doubling the import quota allotted to private traders to 600,000 tonnes in a bid to boost rapidly dwindling rice stocks after the government failed to attract enough offers in the past three tenders.

  • Insects on the menu as food costsoar

    Industrial meat production and fish harvests have dropped the economic cost of animal proteins in recent decades. But much of that fiscal savings has come at the expense of the environment. Wastes are not captured and destroyed or recycled. They’re allowed to run into the ground or waterways, degrading ecosystems all along the way. These are costs that are not captured in traditional accounting.

    Anyone who has tried fishing in the Gulf of Mexico’s annual dead zone has experienced one cost of allowing livestock wastes from the upper Midwest to flow through the ground and into waters that feed the mighty Mississippi—and Gulf of Mexico (SN: 6/12/04, p. 378). Anyone who lives with the pervasive stench downwind of animal feedlots knows there’s a cost that they’re being asked to subsidize with their discomfort—and perhaps health.

    Fishers, in recent years, have been mining the ocean’s top and middle predators, substantially distorting the balance of ecosystems (SN: 6/4/05, p. 360). The net primary productivity of the oceans probably hasn’t changed much: that is to say, about the same mass of living cells probably inhabits it. However, instead of tuna, cod, sharks, and trout, the bulk of the mass may be shifting to alewives, smelt, jellyfish, and algae (SN: 2/7/98, p. 86). One solution, fish farming, has proven moderately successful—but can also prove harmful to nonfarmed species and the environment generally.

    "Part of the reason that livestock and fish farms have become ecological disasters is that they have moved away from mimicking the environment in which animals exist naturally," the Worldwatch report maintains.

    There’s another problem as well. People the world over want to eat the same few species—cows, pigs, and lambs, salmon, tuna, and trout—even if their own environment cannot support the production of these animals. Moreover, as relatively large and high-in-the-food-chain animals, these species grow at the expense of hosts of plants, animals, and other energy inputs. The land and energy needed to produce 1,000 calories of grain, legumes (like soy), or algae is a fraction of what it takes to produce 1,000 calories of beef or catfish.

    Many people don’t want to eat just greens, grains, and pulses (like beans). In truth, I don’t.

     
     

    However, there is another source of animal protein that may prove dramatically more sustainable than fish and hoofed livestock: Insects.

    All right, it may take a bit of work to wrap your head around this idea—especially if you grew up in the U.S.A. We’re talking ants, grasshoppers, and beetles.

    There was a time and place where the arrival of hordes of locusts blackening the skies was a period for rejoicing. Hungry farmers would see this as a smorgasbord of animal protein that could be gathered by the bucketsful. Eaten raw, fried with onion and chilies, or roasted for consumption throughout the months ahead, this was nutritionally high-quality animal protein. And you didn’t have to chase it. It came to you.

    Those old enough to remember shipments of food aid to starving masses in Ethiopia and Somalia during the ’70s and ’80s may also remember scandals describing hundreds if not thousands of tons of wheat flour that arrived at its destinations spoiled by infestations of beetles, notes Victor B. Meyer-Rochow of Jacobs University in Bremen, Germany. "But that’s really nonsense," he argues, "because those beetles were nutritionally more valuable than [the grain] that people were trying to protect."

    Bottom line, diets throughout the globe have been changing. And if we all want reliable access to animal protein, we may have to embrace mini-livestock—the six-legged kinds.

  • US Electricity Executive calls for end to coal

    Scott Bilby:I’d like to start off by just trying to let people know, that because in Australia, we’re still being told the same thing that you’re being told in the US, that renewable energy is basically a sideline cottage industry, we know it can go commercial scale and very quickly, so can you just quickly give us a little bit of information about you’re background, and how you know that we can move too commercial scale renewable energy pretty soon.

    David Freeman:Well I have been a utilities executive most of my life, and when I was chairman of the Tennessee Valley Authority, which is a utility much larger than anything in Australia, we were buying thirty million tones of coal a year, so I know a bit about coal, and the one thing I do know for sure is that it is not clean, it is dirty, and that anyone who tries to tell you differently is just speaking falsehoods.

    Australia has more solar energy than it has coal. I think the misleading impression that has been left is that the existing energy industry has plenty of money and they advertise on television and elsewhere, and they’re trying to leave people with the impression that they are essential and the sun and the wind and growing things are just small bits of energy, very diffuse and kind of a sideline.

    Scott Bilby: That’s a good way of putting it

    David Freeman: The opposite is true. Obviously there would be no life on this earth without the sun, but the energy that we can use from the sun every day, coming down free of charge is enormous, and more, much more than enough to meet our needs, and its inexhaustible.

    So basically, this civilization of ours is using what I call the three poisons, coal, oil and nuclear power, and we haven’t put our minds and our money into developing the much larger sources of energy, namely the renewables, and over time the renewables are cheaper than the coal. The problem is, the price of coal does not include all of its costs. It doesn’t include the health effects on people just from ordinary air pollution. It doesn’t include the risk to the whole society of global warming, and it doesn’t include the risks of a third world war, or people being blown to smithereens by a nuclear blast. In an age of terror, you know, shifting to nuclear power is like going out of a frying pan into a radioactive fire. So we have a lot of learning to do and we need for the next generation to recognize that we’re in a life or death struggle for the survival of the civilization that we have now, and we have just got to raise the bar on the solution package.

    I think that we’ve made progress in understanding the problems with the help of people like Al Gore and others that have hammered home the danger, but we need the equivalent of an Al Gore on the solutions side, and to combat the propaganda of the existing purveyors of poison.

    Matthew Wright: David, it seems certainly that our government, and we saw it a couple of nights ago on lateline which is an Australian Broadcasting Corporation nation wide television program where our climate change minister, Penny Wong continually said and implied that there’s no solutions to climate change without clean coal. Now I understand that with you’re knowledge, and maybe you can tell us a bit about how you’ve worked with coal, the coal mining industry and running coal power stations, and what you think of this idea of so called ‘clean coal’?

    David Freeman: Well look, I mentioned just a moment ago I was the head of the Tennessee Valley Association under President Carter. We had a lot of coal fired power plants. Coal is inherently filthier than dirt, and anyone that uses the phrase ‘clean coal’ is misleading, either deliberately or otherwise, misleading the public. It is the most carbon intensive of all the fuels, so when you burn it you are emitting more carbon into the air than if you were burning anything else. But then the local air pollution from burning coal, is well understood but we’ve become complacent about it. It’s the fine particulate matter from coal that goes past you’re nasal passages into the deep recesses of you’r lungs, and into your bloodstream. It’s a killer. And coal contains all sorts of things like mercury, lead etc, that are not even controlled, so the phrase ‘clean coal’ is oxymoronic, it is just blatantly false, and the reason they’re getting away with it is that people do not see and touch coal any more.

    When I was a kid, coal was used in furnaces at home, and when you had to stoke the stoker, you knew how dirty coal was. Nowadays the coal piles are in remote locations at power plants. We’ve stopped using coal for heating in the home because it’s so damn dirty, and filthy and polluting. So you know there is a river in Egypt that flows all over the world, it’s called denial, and I think that some people in the coal business, beholden to the coal industry, are in denial.

    That’s just a fact and we certainly have alternatives, in fact it’s interesting, we have an Australian company that’s come over here with marvelous new technology for large solar power plants that are very economical.

    Scott Bilby: We’ve actually interviewed David Mills here on this show.

    They’ve built a plant in Australia, they’re building a larger version here. The photovoltaic technology is being supplemented by technology where we simply heat oil and make electricity in an ordinary steam turbine with the sun. And if you look at the cost to society, coal is the most expensive thing on earth, and solar power is the cheapest.

    Matthew Wright: Absolutely, and that technology from David Mills, for our listeners, they can log onto our website at beyondzeroemissions.org, and we’ve interviewed David Mills and just the other day he released a study which we will also have on the website , that [says] you can run 90% of America on solar thermal technology. Perhaps you can tell us about that?

    David Freeman: Well Ausra, the company that’s making a name for itself in America, and hopefully will also make a name for itself in it’s native land of Australia.

    Matthew Wright: We hope so too and of course we have a fantastic solar resource. So it’s always mind blowing to us that we seem to invent all the solar technology and then the scientists leave and it gets commercialized in Germany, China or the United States, so for Australian’s it’s a very difficult one to understand and obviously those vested interests are whats causing this problem.

    David Freeman: There’s not much doubt about that and I took civil engineering and I’ve worked with engineers, there’s a tendency to want to build tomorrow what you built yesterday because you’re very comfortable and people that suggest something new kind of ruffle the feathers of engineers who know who’ve been building coal fired plants and they view it as a threat. And with all due respect the most imaginative of the engineering profession did not go into the electric power business, they’re into electronics and other things where they’re making a bundle. We have resistive behavior and that’s not peculiar to just America or Australia or any country. And so we have to overcome it and that means that programs like this are very very important to educate people to what can be done because unless the people know that there is an alternative it is not likely to take place, because the vested interests, like one senator once told me when I was working for the US Senate, he said I was suggesting some amendments to a bill involving the oil industry and he said son this Senate has not been bought but it has been rented on this issue and you’re wasting my time. And the influence of money on politicians no matter what country you’re in is enormous and there’s a brainwashing factor to it, I mean people tend to believe what they say because it helps them with their campaign contributions and other things, I’m not saying it’s criminal I’m just saying it’s a fact of life and it has to be overcome. By the public raising the issue in an unmistakable manner.

    Matthew Wright:In Your book Winning Our Energy Independence: An Energy Insider Shows How You said that with lignite and as the head of the biggest power authority in the United States the Tenessee Valley Authority. You said that you had actually gone and ended some ideas about mining lignite, funnily enough in Victoria Australia we have some of the world’s biggest lignite reserves. And unfortunately we stripmine that and run 90% of our electricity on that. Is that something we want to be doing?

    David Freeman:It’s near coal, it’s very low grade coal, and I don’t know what the quality of the lignite is in Australia and it is by its nature less energy intensive and more pollution intensive even than coal and I’m very proud of the fact that when I was the head of the utility near Austin Texas we stopped the lignite mine before it got started even though they’d already bought the equipment. It’s a travesty of major proportions for an area that has got such enormous solar power like Australia to be burning coal or lignite, now I’m a utility executive I’m a realist you can’t just shut down everything you’ve got overnight, but you could have the law in Australia that says from this day forward that says there will be no new coal fired plants, no new lignite plants, no new nuclear plants and that all of the future belongs to the Sun and the Wind and efficiency measures. That’s what we’ve got to do all over the world and there’s no point in pointing the finger at the Chinese or anyone else unless we start showing an example that they can follow and I think that if we did they would.

    Mark Ogge: …

    The Green Cowboy – S. David Freeman’s official website

    UC Berkeley: Conversation with S. David Freeman (4 Realplayer Videos)

    UC Berkeley: Conversation with S. David Freeman (Youtube Version)

    BrightCove TV: Interview with S. David Freeman (Part 1)

    BrightCove TV: Interview with S. David Freeman (Part 2)

    David Freeman talks on the security risk to Israel from United States dependency on Oil

    David Freeman debates – Can the Ports Clean the Air Without Choking the Economy?

    David Freeman addresses Sustainability Conference 2007

    Winning Our Energy Independence Part 2 of 2

    EVWorld: Winning Our Energy Independence – Interview background and synopsis

    EVWorld Podcast: Interview with David Freemand

  • Denmark launches wind-powered car

    Shai Agassi says in the press release: “Together with DONG Energy, Project Better Place will ensure an environmentally clean and sustainable approach to energy and transportation. Existing technology, combined with our unique business model and scaleable infrastructure will provide a financially viable solution to significantly decrease CO2 emissions.”

    DONG Energy CEO Anders Eldrup comments that the project opens up a new avenue for storing surplus electricity from wind turbines, since EVs are typically charged at night when the exploitation of available power is generally low. Project Better Place is particularly well suited to Denmark, since the country generates a significant proportion of its electricity from renewable energy sources, and leads Europe in its use of wind energy.

     
    The initial contact between Project Better Place and DONG Energy was originated by Invest In Denmark. Both businesses are members of the Copenhagen Climate Council, a multidisciplinary forum with members from all parts of the world, working on establishing a global agreement at the UN Climate Change conference (COP15) to be held in Copenhagen in 2009.
     
    ”It is interesting that Better Place has chosen Denmark as a ’proof of concept’ test market and probably also the future location for launch of the environmental project. This places Denmark on the world map once again as an innovative and environmentally friendly country where advanced and sustainable energy projects are being developed,” says Ole Frijs-Madsen, Director of Invest in Denmark under the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
     
    ”Invest in Denmark identified the project early in 2007, after which we contacted the initiator Shai Agassi and began dialogue regarding the Better Place project. This dialogue resulted in a visit in August 2007, when Agassi met representatives from municipalities and ministries, in addition to commercial partners including DONG Energy. It is good to see that the efforts are now resulting in Denmark becoming the first European country where the electric car concept will be launched – and we look forward to following the development of a collaboration that potentially can benefit the Danish environment, Danish jobs and the Danish environmental profile abroad,” says Ole Frijs-Madsen.
     
    Link > DONG Energy  
     
    Link > Project Better Place