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  • Fears of Climate Change as CO2 Emissions Rise

    Fears of Climate Change as CO2 Emissions Rise

    Posted March 13th, 2013 by Eco Climate Solutions & filed under News.

    imgres-3As fears of climate change continue to escalate in tandem with co2 figures, hopes to never reach what scientists term ”the safe world holding temperatures to limit climate change”, are fast fading if current reports are to be observed. Carbon Dioxide is considered to be the primary greenhouse gas omitted through human activities, adding more co2 to what is naturally present within the atmosphere, and so altering the earth’s natural cycle of the gas causing detrimental effects to weather patterns, which can clearly be observed in recent temperature readings across the world.

    Within the earths natural cycle, co2 is used by plants and recycled into oxygen, the rate at which carbon dioxide is now being emitted due to burning fossil fuels has increased. With the continuation of forest destruction to make way for human industrialisation, there are less natural sinks to tackle the problem, creating a downward spiral within the cycle. As humans extensively burn coal, oil and gas to generate electricity and power transportation, industry and consumer demand for the easy source of energy has steadily increased despite protests to choose renewable alternatives, which long term would have less negative environmental impact and are far more cost effective. Trends in emissions across the world have seen an average increase of around 10% with the main culprits of excessive use coming from mainland China, the United States of America and India. As their economy grows so too does the expressed measurement of metric tons of carbon emitted, consequently driving climate change into a fast paced reality rather than a concern.

    The obvious and most effective way to reduce emissions is to abstain from the use of fossil fuels, the reality is however the percentage of renewable energy generated globally is significant lower than what is needed. Despite propaganda like showmanship from political bodies lobbying with green activists by presenting wonderfully eco sounding alternative to fossil fuel generated electricity for commercial and residential use, such as the green deal, it offers little more than a payment plan rather than a tax break or incentive to really get people driven to use less co2 emitting forms of energy. As scientist frustration continues to grown among climate change denial by the masses, perhaps climate literacy to tackle the lack of understanding of the implications of global warming is a necessity from political organisations, but becoming a pool of knowledge is less likely to entice the average electricity addicts than cash and money saving incentive, which need to come from world organisations and governments.

    The root cause of climate change and co2 levels are human activities, and so much can be done to lower emissions on an every day basis. Simple energy efficiency adaptations and changes such as updating or maintaining old heating and cooling equipment is key to driving down residential and commercial costs of maintaining a comfortable indoor climate from home air conditioning . For those who want to reduce their bills and the more eco-conscious among us want to reduce our impact on the environment…new efficient heating air conditioning and solar thermal heating heating solutions make maximum use of the renewable energy all around us, converting free heat from the air and the sun to deliver completely reliable and controllable heating and hot water even when temperatures outside are below zero. Improving the insulation of buildings, traveling in more fuel-efficient vehicles, and using more efficient electrical appliances are all ways to reduce energy consumption, and thus CO2 emissions. Reducing personal energy use by turning off lights and electronics when not in use reduces electricity demand. Reducing distance traveled in vehicles reduces petroleum consumption. All are ways to reduce energy CO2 emissions through conservation.

    As preliminary data for February 2013 show CO2 levels last month standing at their highest ever recorded at Manua Loa, a remote volcano in the Pacific, the disturbing pattern for increased co2 emissions means extreme weather patterns will continue to increase, with the Met Office warning this week that the “extreme” patterns of flood and drought experienced by Britain in 2012 were likely to become more frequent thanks to the higher frequencies of co2 recorded in the atmosphere.
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  • Arctic plankton will switch from sink to source in warmer oceans

    Arctic plankton will switch from sink to source in warmer oceans

    Mounting evidence confirming the effects of a 5°C increase in the Arctic Ocean temperature has led an international team of researchers to issue a stark warning about the perils the world faces in the near future.

    A research vessel in the Central Arctic during the the summer of 2012. The thin sea ice has many melting pools on its surface and is permeated by open water areas.
    Credit: Stefan Hendricks, Alfred Wegener Institute

    Research results from a series of eight cruises conducted between July 2007 and July 2012 allowed the annual metabolic balance of Arctic plankton communities, which determines their role as CO2 sinks or sources, to be resolved for the first time.

    The international scientific team was led by the Director of The University of Western Australia’s Oceans Institute, Professor Carlos M Duarte, who said resolving the role of Arctic plankton as a source or sink for CO2 was of major importance in considering the carbon budget of the planet.

    ‘This research revealed that the two-week spring algal bloom occurring in April as the Arctic emerges from its winter darkness and the sea-ice starts to thin is so productive it can fuel the food web for the entire year and remove significant amounts of CO2 from the atmosphere on an annual basis,’ he said.

    However, experiments involving temperature manipulations conducted in the Svalbard Islands (about 650 kilometres north of mainland Europe), indicated that the plankton community switches from acting as a sink to acting as a source of CO2 to the atmosphere at seawater temperatures in excess of 5°C. The researchers noted that this temperature will be regularly observed in the European Sector of the Arctic Ocean over the coming decades.

    ‘Warmer temperatures enhance respiration rates by plankton organisms, particularly bacteria, leading to a shift in the size of photosynthetic plankton size, which decompose quickly and result in a major release of CO2 from excess respiration,’ study co-author, UWA Oceans Institute and School of Plant Biology Professor Susana Agusti said.

    Recently Professor Duarte’s team reported findings from model analyses of polar food webs indicating that these are particularly vulnerable to disturbances that can trigger a cascade of extinctions in the ecosystem.

    This year Professor Duarte’s team will return to the Arctic for oceanographic cruises in April and July and a coastal experimental campaign in September in Greenland.

    Professor Duarte will attend a workshop at the White House in Washington in late April to contribute to formulating a large research project on the future of the Arctic.

    Source: UWA

    Mounting evidence confirming the effects of a 5°C increase in the Arctic Ocean temperature has led an international team of researchers to issue a stark warning about the perils the world faces in the near future.

    A research vessel in the Central Arctic during the the summer of 2012. The thin sea ice has many melting pools on its surface and is permeated by open water areas.
    Credit: Stefan Hendricks, Alfred Wegener Institute

    Research results from a series of eight cruises conducted between July 2007 and July 2012 allowed the annual metabolic balance of Arctic plankton communities, which determines their role as CO2 sinks or sources, to be resolved for the first time.

    The international scientific team was led by the Director of The University of Western Australia’s Oceans Institute, Professor Carlos M Duarte, who said resolving the role of Arctic plankton as a source or sink for CO2 was of major importance in considering the carbon budget of the planet.

    ‘This research revealed that the two-week spring algal bloom occurring in April as the Arctic emerges from its winter darkness and the sea-ice starts to thin is so productive it can fuel the food web for the entire year and remove significant amounts of CO2 from the atmosphere on an annual basis,’ he said.

    However, experiments involving temperature manipulations conducted in the Svalbard Islands (about 650 kilometres north of mainland Europe), indicated that the plankton community switches from acting as a sink to acting as a source of CO2 to the atmosphere at seawater temperatures in excess of 5°C. The researchers noted that this temperature will be regularly observed in the European Sector of the Arctic Ocean over the coming decades.

    ‘Warmer temperatures enhance respiration rates by plankton organisms, particularly bacteria, leading to a shift in the size of photosynthetic plankton size, which decompose quickly and result in a major release of CO2 from excess respiration,’ study co-author, UWA Oceans Institute and School of Plant Biology Professor Susana Agusti said.

    Recently Professor Duarte’s team reported findings from model analyses of polar food webs indicating that these are particularly vulnerable to disturbances that can trigger a cascade of extinctions in the ecosystem.

    This year Professor Duarte’s team will return to the Arctic for oceanographic cruises in April and July and a coastal experimental campaign in September in Greenland.

    Professor Duarte will attend a workshop at the White House in Washington in late April to contribute to formulating a large research project on the future of the Arctic.

    Source: UWA

  • Invasive species: Understanding the threat before it’s too late

    Invasive species: Understanding the threat before it’s too late

    Posted: 22 Mar 2013 09:53 AM PDT

    Catching rides on cargo ships and fishing boats, many invasive species are now covering our shorelines and compromising the existence of our native marine life. Scientists have examined what factors allow some invasive species to survive in their new environments and others to fail.

  • Huge and widespread volcanic eruptions triggered the end-Triassic extinction

    Huge and widespread volcanic eruptions triggered the end-Triassic extinction

    Posted: 22 Mar 2013 02:43 PM PDT

    Some 200 million years ago, an increase in atmospheric CO2 caused acidification of the oceans and global warming that killed off 76 percent of marine and terrestrial species on Earth.

  • Corn That Is Tolerant Of Toxic Soils Moving Closer To Reality, Gene In Triplicate Provides The Resistance

    Corn That Is Tolerant Of Toxic Soils Moving Closer To Reality, Gene In Triplicate Provides The Resistance
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    Corn crops capable of being grown in toxic soils are moving closer to reality, new research from the U.S. Department of Agriculture and Cornell University is suggesting. The new research has been attempting to unravel the reasons for why some maize plants can tolerate toxic aluminum in soil, and some can’t.

    20130323-034000.jpg

    Interestingly, the research found that it was the presence of a specific gene in triplicate, only when there were three of the gene did it provide the necessary resistance.

    “Aluminum toxicity comes close to rivaling drought as a food-security threat in critical tropical food-producing regions.”

    “Acidic soils dissolve aluminum from clays in the soil, making it toxic to plant roots in half the world’s arable lands. The MATE1 gene, which was found in triplicate in aluminum-tolerant maize, turns on in the presence of aluminum ions and expresses a protein that transports citric acid from root tips into the soil, which binds to and locks up aluminum, thereby preventing it from harming roots.”

    “We found three functional copies that were identical,” stated senior author Leon Kochian, director of the U.S. Department of Agriculture — Agriculture Research Service Plant, Soil and Nutrition Laboratory at Cornell. “This is one of the first examples of copy number variation contributing to an agronomically important trait.”

    The extra gene copies appear to have cumulative effect, coding more of the protein “that transports aluminum-binding citric acid into the soil.”

    “This could be a key factor for other traits of agricultural importance,” said Kochian.

    “Copy number variation is well documented in the human genome,” Kochian said, “and maize does a lot of this, so there are probably many examples.”

    There are always unintended side effects when you select for certain traits in an organism though, so it remains to be seen if this specific finding will end up being agriculturally valuable. If you select for fast growth you limit nutrients, if you select for drought hardiness you make it more susceptible to water damage, if you select for early harvest you may decrease disease resistance, etc.

    Image Credit: Cornell University.
    Read more at http://planetsave.com/2013/03/23/corn-that-is-tolerant-of-toxic-soils-moving-closer-to-reality-gene-in-triplicate-provides-the-resistance/#CDSDMPssi5Ago5A8.99

  • The First Date for a Half-Senate Election is 3 August (ANTONY GREEN)

    March 24, 2013
    The First Date for a Half-Senate Election is 3 August

    Leader of Opposition Business Christopher Pyne was this morning referring to a half-Senate election in July, though it was unclear whether he was referring to a campaign or an election date.

    However, let me add some clarity. There can be an election campaign in July, but it is clear from the Electoral Act and past High Court interpretations of the Constitution that the first possible polling date for a half-Senate election is Saturday 3 August.

    This all stems from the second paragraph of Section 13 of the Constitution. It reads

    The election to fill vacant places shall be made within one year before the places are to become vacant.

    Paragraph three in Section 13, defining when the terms of Senators begin, makes reference to “day of his election”, but paragraph two above refers only to “election”.

    The High Court stated in its judgment on Vardon v O’Loghlin [1907] that “The term ‘election’ in that section does not mean the day of nomination or the polling day alone, but comprises the whole proceedings from the issue of the writ to the valid return.”

    On that interpretation by the High Court, the writ for a half-Senate election cannot be issued before 1 July, and the Commonwealth Electoral Act then makes Saturday 3 August the first possible polling date for a half-Senate election.

    Writs for a House election can be issued up to 58 days ahead of polling day, which means about 7 June ahead of a possible 3 August election, but the half-Senate election writs would have to wait for 1 July.

    The Opposition is proposing to table a no-confidence motion when the House of Representatives resumes in May. This will be the first no-confidence motion moved by the Opposition in this term, previous attempts actually being attempts to suspend standing orders to allow an immediate censure or no-confidence motion. It would be hard for the government not to take on this motion for debate. Accepting the motion for debate would invoke standing orders allowing members more time to speak.

    If this motion passed, it would create a conundrum. The Prime Minister would have to visit the Governor-General and offer advice. That advice could be for an early election, but having lost confidence, the Governor-General would not have to accept the advice.

    So what could happen? The Prime Minister could resign in favour of another Labor Leader who would then have to prove they have the confidence of the House.

    Alternatively, the Independents could choose to switch sides and back an Abbott government for the balance of the current term. Presumably that would be until the first chance of a half-Senate election on 3 August.

    I think the most likely outcome of losing a confidence vote is an early House election, along with the four Territory Senators. A separate half-Senate election would then have to be held between 3 August 2013 and late May 2014.

    As I wrote last year, the half-Senate date problem means that it may no longer be in the interests of the Coalition to have an early election.

    However, to maintain the pressure on the government, the Opposition must continue to call for an early election, to continue with its position that the nation is best served by bringing an end to the current parliament and government as soon as possible.

    But the defeat of the government in May and an early election would bring on a change of government at a new House election but leave the current Senate in place, apart from the four Territory Senators. The new government would then have to face at the very least a half-Senate election by the end of May 2014.

    However, there would be one advantage for the Coalition in an early election. It would reset the clock on double dissolutions. The new government would find itself with almost a year to engineer a doube dissolution trigger. And with no half-Senate election being held, there would no Senators in waiting to complicate when a double dissolution trigger could be used.

    Posted by Antony Green on March 24, 2013 at 10:55 AM in Election Date Speculation, Federal Politics and Governments | Permalink