This is the fifth and last in a series on rising sea levels.

By Karl B. Hille and Sydney Paul

Capital News Service

Seawall at Hoopersville on Middle Hoopers Island (By WorldIslandInfo.com on flickr)

Gov. Martin O’Malley warned in December that rising sea levels over the next century would threaten “400 miles of roadways,” when he signed an executive order making protection of billions of dollars in state infrastructure a top priority.

That’s not the half of it. A CNS analysis shows the total impact, factoring in county-maintained roads, could be much worse.

Maryland has more than 5,200 miles of state roads and about 21,000 miles of county roads, according to the Maryland State Highway Administration. A CNS analysis found that roughly 800 miles of roads would be affected if sea levels rise another 2 feet. At 5 feet, an estimated 3,700 miles would be under water.

The bay already has risen more than a foot in the last century, and scientists predict it will rise 2 to 5 feet before the end of the next century.

The CNS analysis used land elevation data from U.S. Geological Survey and population survey data from the census. The effect of local man-made structures such as seawalls is difficult to determine and not included in the calculations.

The rising waters are expected to flood roads and weaken the foundations of bridges, causing some bridge decks to fail, according to state reports. A 2-foot rise in water levels would have an impact on 93 bridges, culverts and other highway structurres.

Measuring rods mark water levels under a bridge in Chesapeake Beach. In low-lying coastal areas, high tides sometimes prevent charter boats from clearing bridges and flood roadside ditches. Capital News Service photo by Sydney Paul

State Highway Administration evaluating solutions

Elizabeth Habic, manager of the climate change program at the State Highway Administration, said the agency has embarked on an ambitious mapping effort to identify which state roads are vulnerable to rising sea levels, so they can decide how to tackle the problem.

“We don’t know how to fix it yet,” she said. “We’re evaluating solutions.”

Already, high tides alone have been enough to routinely swamp some important state highways, such as Route 261, Bay Avenue, connecting nearly 7,000 people living in Chesapeake Beach and North Beach with Annapolis and points north. That road was raised more than a foot after Hurricane Isabel made it impassable in 2003.

Other roads critical to smaller communities remain in jeopardy, such as the 10.5-mile-long Route 362 to Mount Vernon in Somerset County.  The route connects many isolated neighborhoods near the end of Mount Vernon’s peninsula and includes a volunteer firehouse and a major bridge nearby.

Options for sea-level rise adaptation can range from abandoning roads and relocating entire communities to elevating roads, building walls or levees to protect them, and improving drainage, according to engineers and planners. But those measures can be costly.

Hoopers Memorial Church cemetery, like much of Hoopers Island, is near the water. (by melvisflickr)

Counties less prepared

In a state that just raised gas taxes to replenish its depleted Transportation Trust Fund, finding an affordable way to address the looming threat will be a challenge.

Where funding is in shorter supply, county road systems may be in deeper water. A recent study found some counties less prepared than the state to address the threat.

Somerset County is one of the few coastal jurisdictions that took advantage of federal funding administered by the state Department of Natural Resources to develop a strategy for dealing with rising sea levels. Among other things, the guidance document said that Somerset either needs to reinforce roadbeds in low-lying areas or raise them higher.

So far, the county has done “absolutely nothing” to prepare county roads for sea level rise, said George W. Barnes III, director of the county’s roads department: no strategic planning for severe weather, storm surges, long-term sea-level rise, or even routine high-tide flooding. “It’s not on the radar.”

Other than incorporate some adaptation measures into road repairs after Hurricane Sandy, “we haven’t done anything in preparation, just because of funding,” Barnes said. “Funding is our biggest limitation.”

“As far as even 2 feet of additional water elevation, some of these areas won’t need road repair, because there won’t be anything there,” he said.

Climate change now integrated into project planning

Last year, the agency completed a statewide overview of roads, bridges and other assets that might be threatened, said Gregory Slater, the State Highway Administration’s director of planning and preliminary engineering.. The next step is a more thorough analysis of each road’s function, such as whether it serves as an evacuation route or major interstate.

For now, sea-level rise adaptations are incorporated into routine road repair and replacement in consultation with the state Department of Natural Resources, Slater said.

“If we go out there to resurface a roadway, maybe we add a little more pavement to elevate it,” he said.

There are hundreds of projects under construction or in design that incorporate adjustments for climate change, such as adding an extra inch or so of asphalt to keep up with rising sea levels, he said. However, he said he doesn’t keep a tally and did not know how many miles of state road have actually received such fixes. He also did not know how much money the effort is costing.

“When (climate change preparation) becomes a part of your business plan, it’s tough to say that you need X amount of dollars to make it happen,” he said. “It’s just integrated in every project.”

‘There isn’t anything you can do about it’

Court Stevenson, an environmental scientist at the University of Maryland, said the state needs do a better job of encouraging the counties to prepare their roads.

Stevenson served on the Adaptation and Response Working Group of the Governor’s Climate Change Commission, which produced the state’s climate action plan in 2008. The plan set goals and deadlines for reducing carbon emissions and preparing for the effects of climate change, such as weather extremes and rising sea levels.

“The county roads are vulnerable,” Stevenson said, and local officials in some of the most vulnerable areas of the state are “very resistant” to taking steps to protect their roads against rising sea levels.

It’s a hard sell in places like Dorchester County, said State Sen. Richard Colburn, a Republican who represents four counties on the Eastern Shore.

“There is not a tremendous amount of worry about sea level changes because there isn’t anyone in Dorchester County that believes there is anything they can do about it,” he said.

In a later email, he added that residents’ “overall concern is that they are a poor county, without the financial means to address sea levels rising and climate change.”

Hooper Island chain in Dorchester threatened

The Hooper Island chain in Dorchester County would suffer up to $4.3 million in infrastructure damage if sea levels rose 2 feet, according to a report published by the Maryland Department of Transportation. Roads would be swamped and many of the islands’ 389 residents would be stranded.

But upgrading a 10-mile stretch of roadway there could cost nearly $31 million — almost equaling the total assessed value of all the islands’ land and structures, according to the report.

Like Somerset County, Dorchester sought guidance on sea-level rise through a federal program administered through the Department of Natural Resources, but the recommendations for roads haven’t been put into action. Also, like Somerset, money is a major hurdle.

Drivers can see the difference between better funded and maintained state highways and county roads in some areas, said Dorchester roads director Tom Moore.

“The county funds all we can fund,” he said. “We still continue with our road surveys, like we always did, and make decisions about which roads need attention.”

Recently, the county raised the road surface on portions of Elliot Island, Moore said. Dorchester also has to contend with roads that are sinking faster than the surrounding land. Roads through marshy areas, like Bestpitch Ferry Road, have new asphalt added on top without grinding down the old surface first.

“We know that there’s certain places where an extra one and a half inches of asphalt overlay will make some difference,” Moore said, but sometimes the road is still underwater in a high tide or severe storm.

Fracking company Cuadrilla repeatedly trespassed on to private land during geological surveys and in one garden marked a site for the detonation of explosive charges before being chased off, the Guardian can reveal.

The company, currently facing serious protests at its drilling site in Balcombe, West Sussex, has paid out to at least one Lancashire homeowner to settle legal action over the trespassing and was warned by ministers that such issues undermined confidence in the company and “only served to strengthen what was now becoming a national campaign” against shale gas exploration.

Between April and June 2012, Cuadrilla used explosives and lorry-mounted ground vibrators to probe the geological layers beneath the surface of its exploration area in Lancashire. Mark Mills, who lives near Lytham St Annes, told the Guardian: “They blanketed the area; it was unbelievable to see.” Mills said Cuadrilla operatives repeatedly trespassed into his large garden in May to lay cables and drive in dozens of sensors to make seismic recordings.

After the first cables were laid, he said: “I told an operator don’t go back on my land and he said, ‘I won’t.’ But lo and behold, the next day they had been in again and put a big red mark on the ground.” Mills said the operators’ maps, which he copied, showed the mark was to be the site of a detonation. “It was right near a gas main and my septic tank,” he said.

Mills said an argument ensued with a group of operators that led to them leaving his property: “It was the most stressful hour of my life. They were extremely unpleasant and my blood pressure had gone through the roof.”

Mills received a letter in June from Cuadrilla’s then CEO, Mark Miller, apologising for the “disturbance and inconvenience” of “accidentally accessing your property”. In February, the company settled a legal complaint from Mills by paying his legal fees and compensation. Mills has also written to the company requesting compensation for damage to his property following explosions set off on his neighbour’s property, he says.

Mills said he had initially been in favour of the shale gas exploration, but said: “Cuadrilla have lived up to my worst expectations. I am not a negative person but these people were so disingenuous to deal with: could they not have done it in a professional way?”

Other local residents, who have chosen anonymity, also reported trespassing by Cuadrilla in the same local area in May. One householder, near Kirkham, said: “I caught four contractors trespassing on my land having gained entry through a field gate which was closed. No permission had been given or indeed sought.”

A spokesman for Cuadrilla said: “We acknowledge there were some issues with the contractors involved in this operation and we have learned lessons. We are committed to being a good neighbour where we operate: recognising our mistakes and learning from them is an important part of this commitment.”

The issue of trespassing was raised with senior Cuadrilla managers at a high level meeting on 2 July last year with Charles Hendry, the energy minister at the time. Miller attended the meeting, as did Cuadrilla chairman Lord Browne, who is also the government’s lead non-executive director. According to the minutes of the meeting released to the Guardian under freedom of information rules, Hendry told Cuadrilla’s team: “Fracking has now turned into a very controversial issue. The issue of seismic tremors has contributed to this, but the situation has got worse because of recent reports of badly managed community meetings, reports of trespass on people’s land, etc.”

Hendry also expressed concern over “recent reports of intrusion into developed areas for the seismic testing over the Jubilee weekend” and said “these incidents only served to strengthen what was now becoming a national campaign”. He warned that before taking a decision on the future of fracking, “the government would need to have confidence that the correct procedures were in place”.According to the meeting notes, Lord Browne said the board was now working effectively and was taking these issues very seriously.

Previously, the Guardian revealed that Cuadrilla broke the terms of its planning permission in Lancashire by drilling beyond an agreed time limit put in place to protect wintering birds. The Guardian revealed in March that Cuadrilla had failed to inform the government for six months that small earthquakes triggered by their drilling had deformed the well casing that is designed to prevent the contamination of ground water. The latter incident led Hendry to warn Cuadrilla over “weaknesses in its performance as a licensee”.

Ministers have made a series of announcements in recent weeks to encourage shale gas exploration, including tax breaks and new planning rules. Chancellor George Osborne believes the shale gas revolution seen in the US could, if repeated in the UK, lower gas prices. But many energy experts dispute this and campaigners have warned of environmental risks.